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12 steps: (1) PROPOSITION: statement that is true or false. 'It is raining' = p. (2) CONNECTIVES: ¬p (NOT), p∧q (AND), p∨q (OR), p→q (IF-THEN), p↔q (IFF). (3) TRUTH TABLES: p→q is false ONLY when p true and q false. (4) LOGICAL EQUIVALENCES: p→q ≡ ¬p∨q. Contrapositive: p→q ≡ ¬q→¬p. (5) QUANTIFIERS:

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