Economics - Econometrics - Introduction to econometrics - Correlation vs Causation

Side-by-side pairs showing spurious correlations vs real causal relationships. Pair 1: 'Ice cream sales and drowning deaths both rise in summer' - Correlation, NOT causation (both caused by hot weather). Pair 2: 'Smoking and lung cancer' - CAUSAL (established through controlled studies). Pair 3: 'Co