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4-step hybridization guide. Step 1: 'WHY HYBRIDIZE? Carbon's ground state (2s² 2p²) has only 2 unpaired electrons. But carbon forms 4 bonds! Solution: one 2s electron promotes to 2p, giving 4 unpaired electrons. These then hybridize (mix) to form equivalent orbitals.' Step 2: 'sp³ HYBRIDIZATION: 1s

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