Mathematics - Probability and Statistics - Advanced - Hypothesis testing - Hypothesis Testing Framework

12 steps: (1) H₀ (null hypothesis): the default claim. 'The coin is fair (p=0.5).' (2) H₁ (alternative): what we suspect. 'The coin is biased (p≠0.5).' (3) Choose significance level α (typically 0.05). (4) Collect data and compute TEST STATISTIC. (5) For proportions: Z = (p̂-p₀)/√(p₀(1-p₀)/n). (6) F